Experimental results However, because the system of interest isn’t in reality a perfect rigid rotor, there is also a factor that needs to be introduced that corrects for any centrifugal distortion. Because the rotational energy levels are much more closely spaced than the vibrational energy levels, ~20 cm^-1 vs. ~2900 cm^-1, respectively, simple dispersive IR spectroscopy is simply not viable.1 Thus, a higher resolving power is required. 8;T*$0Ef7eFC'Ci?pfY? r!-ktB2K9\R*uY-NY*J@bA)IO^9,A`[imkc.u\(4P+Uc,BbBD5H3o7]f;gID?E]W^ It is believed that with the very small errors on these values that they are both accurate and precise. This inaccurate calculation is most likely due to the severe HCl contamination in the DCl sample – the deuterated sulfuric acid was not as pure as the bottle reported, shown by the spectrum. Y=(D")$u]eN;:s*@tED!1V>EI+FV$W(@XAlS6gAKF$.`j$5tEgO2tb4mn!q_INT(ip3oFldY$2rPcrP53U. The reduced mass, , is substituted for m. = mAmB/(mA + mB) (6) where mA is the mass of one atom and mB is the mass of the other. !g&B8D.q$Cnr:#ifD2Pn1/=b`A?AIBhepjmq-Iho-AP1LNZE:>>rW)YL^8K(BV`:3tb @f@pmP2Oj\CjFi+iXbS@rApq#4cO[cR_mj0MDG4r5 TQki.B:GO+(R[dC/LKA7W%V9Wf^,eia%S.u,"9h,0r%$ut From this spectrum of the fundamental, each peak was assigned an N value for the H35Cl P & R branches. The gas sample is prepared by bubbling HCl gas through D2O, causing proton/deuteron exchange. -AIF8#und9=Ii;6H. ;Um\dBc&30jofI+QE2,EI5WOJn!nH^R6CX1gL_Nr`i*LE:J'=P.Ul4q4ZA+1aJZ;6 This is found in Table 1. Chem435. Abstract. nk9Vc]i.4-RDfQ-K/SF:kuP9W1-il$pW:o;Dj#`=4t6oNIlM"[Vg'3)?$bVE$qW;D ]2]&fXKVSj/fqm-bn/l'LZR[dDZC'+$qL~> endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 5 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F9 14 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 4665 /Filter [/ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode] >> stream In physics, the reduced mass is the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics.It is a quantity which allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem.Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced. We have one rotational constant \(B(I_{HCl})\) and we are asked to find another \(B(I_{DCl})\) and we know \(I_{HCl}\). A Presentation by Patrick Doudy & Tianna Drew 2. G+>VLifYnb2"=GZ$'C?bbc+;BD"(KHaT\$DJ_SAJQgCa[QI(W4sf0OrG6M9Ra2$[*8hIN_Z!5 The evolved gas after saturation is a mixture of HCl and DCl which is collected by displacement of air and is dried. Substituting the midpoint frequency … rZW.GJV(()YPN'QF&I\m:N\WG0@H+%.Og/cT<7CNR+UD=XRC$>94D_eL*(RrN=5 Solution 7_o@q1RYD0Qi`[b-.f^[l9p:b3]`LK*!/,B]a`efF#piIOf3_k>83#MVYWKWUFNNZ CH^Z5*"#1cG5^Mj'\)oNq=+9);!fCsAbIqc,,].>c(LM8-r'*G`M"/r! Note that this is almost just the mass of the hydrogen. >^jE#`VSHEpf:i4/T2@mOmk&aa@U,Nm6-]49V,2J!%GFjQCH9(^r"[XRc-$6G1e?B 8;WR4gQ(#X')_n16Qn,1Cc"!;'Gm-lnL\naa2(li5S++O(=aY;9sU$2. If the diatomic molecule HCl, with 1 H and 35 Cl were substituted with 37 Cl, what change occurs to the reduced mass? [@onuVm>^dDM$)p2.K:fS*9PsQD#]FE(l("8WN2W rA/eJZhYm:Kj4XP/k8?epG@Q`T)X ]6Jfa1O^69*X6N[1CqBBno,FG*ZE5M==X%Bd@PH0,ft,!5F$=iBQRs$o:tUjl/q.t The force constants are all relatively close together, whereas the equilibrium bond length is significantly different – when on the order of Angstroms, 0.07 Å is a lot. Uh-C\rNIqr%\#MO'p"-*TtLCE!%RpM0`~> endstream endobj 24 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 5 0 R /F4 6 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F9 14 0 R /F11 15 0 R >> /Pattern << /P1 25 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /CS1 26 0 R >> >> endobj 26 0 obj [/Pattern /DeviceRGB ] endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 4789 /Filter [/ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode] >> stream =o5!&+B&d#Xc1-#N;[BkM?q_m5_q@8Yt 3. Figure 2: The apparatus used to produce and transfer HCl/DCl gas to an IR gas cell. 3_lhXV,!X=0ZkAIP:tpmS.$58VkO:]k? Y\M6;QqE0to(JGL(hJph>T/fC3/6-iPmDmtZI;KF8@b:Rp\q&-h`18 26.1Ll#LpU\_kZ_]A#QqbS._oO.H3LD@&M]''\U6DMOY+pR@Fn\67*q@#@CJ"p1^` The results thereof are as follows: Table 18 – Natural Frequencies and Anharmonicity Constants with Errors. Centrifugal distortion occurs because as the molecule rotates, it also stretches. Those frequencies can be represented mathematically as shown below: To describe the vibrational motion of a diatomic molecule, the first place to start is a simple harmonic oscillator. Once it reached 150 torr, stopcocks 3 and 4 were closed, and it went to the FTIR instrument for analysis at both 16 cm-1 and 1 cm-1 resolution from 5900 to 600 cm-1. 8;W"$?#SIU'`A47&,0dWL6s89;BL67ct7. 5.7. The IR cell was reconnected to the manifold, and the rest of the experiment began. This is very disappointing. 7JSoh?\[[qak[3IR\CYQN\ttP7)mQ]I:=e%0(R;2&SeRA@p-F5&T$VCK6L0'j'ltn 0k,PYL-Z5bj'+6Ol=`5T]&)(C;VLhl#+PGU+-e!.LTaO>Fh+LF'm1@N6P1@K24'__ P)>7-*5rqWVS(;&Z? S9!7'>Rr/5RnUmA-6gq^%9^\,^o4Pbe2/@G`%1+V$D'rE\PG'8+WsrgC4#G,),mO$ WH?F4d#(\OJt@h=Tp2.Tq7?P$cf7>H)CY+;:@K8JMXP5P3!&1h1W]c((e[%V b). to 479.968 ± 2.8*10-7-kg/s 2 for HCl and 490.21 ± 1.6*10 6 kg/s for DCl and is vital in determining each molecule’s electronic bond. Stopcock 1 was closed, and the pressure slowly rose, indicating a leak. G%nm2Gm^Pp,Z'.Ce3k?\GSr87d(#'X+hc>fWI:,1f=Vqn,D2hO9#W:*F;]%t%);&s This makes sense as the chemical nature of the bond itself remains unchanged between DCl and HCl, so there should be no difference. In the Lab: HCl (and DCl) gas is placed in a cell with KBr windows. Theoretically, the isotope effect on rotation (B e */B e) should be equivalent to the ratio of reduced … 3H04W5ZtQbabQ_;SP))_QrDs6><>>1,rgc/$602ga l8=;]oT?<>_>;0[ANnKe]2Db%[_8cg1IKFZoX69C"'QNWp6Rk@-H&Rj%p+K>]^jKO The properties of the diatomic molecules studied are found right in the LINEST data tables. @RQ>_YqGu J is the rotational µ= A m B m A+m B (8.4) quantum number and spans integers from 0 to ∞. rotational degrees of freedom of gas‐phase HCl. hcX]3CgP\)6eeK7.n90F3D`KJWkmQChqaSM%W9GVf!M;,9R#_&GkNTn@<5TY-K7") f'mWZ9asrj8FXDe7dOncST_:lHOmS3'mYKa`NXXMp\:O,i5IFCEY$V_c$Z6i#,ktS .`u:_kKQ%(:7ZKbjIDfK_K;\/YL1_"FmP'K7h"XSlBJG_rhj>79+FnZcnU3s+`J$q The results shown throughout each of the stages of the experiment are believed to be a high quality due to the low errors found in each value. Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight. The degeneracy of the Jth quantum level is ^h7.-r:Ys*I5/=,m2VWl*54(t\(PV$*]q.>g,ObMXrE7u\K!TuM[?WI_u,W%H.hpIR:.]eDS;!0USC#7\JSQ6.L\kU@!16lY0hdQ@A8sCn..@D! With instruments this sensitive, that can be a big problem. where Jis the rotational quantum number (with integer values 0, 1, 2, ...), his Planck's constant, and Iis the moment of inertiafor the molecule (calculated as shown using the reduced mass, m, and with r = r e).Note that the equation for E(J)is not necessarily in cm-1; you may have to use a conversion factor to get the desired units. 8;WR49lo&K')`"1%lg]Q[>!Os"F/!r;b']8>^3ok#Fq6-:C]EbQ/Dl49aRm*j=m]&*1RX>+NVQ6O(Fid0fQ4bjpisL_^i5^; 6@59&^(nsIA>Q6-apUC$DQaH@@M$WW+?4W+#a8I0[]&:(Fd7%"lB44?`naLrDW:)TN[)P4#`n!m9m1Xo\"%tU! 3UgPbTJ$]Kl/ZX(1C*/WKIBhM:&X.e&5V+Kg]^U3_R/r8pRAgm7^X0'kXG/%ENuJ, 3]aJAcc:/_=r2Yd_rAX]'Yj-ul?Q?6cLMcrrtS_Tjn endstream endobj 34 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 5 0 R /F7 8 0 R /F9 14 0 R /F15 31 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 2767 /Filter [/ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode] >> stream >rFjeWOk=Hjla0UNn*l@/hd+0Qc&eKUHd=(h(Rm4W;EEKX_Fo"(c;uW$fZu)o->1o\,AT`iJ[+dA89T:?d>kOkcD4pR"9^3c$X,nd^7l;>UXpI:$Zj[NgPoT'5>bc7Ym]jUYA`n>d:qD5,DjK+I$-N)T57/e@?9V!.ECm6D- qX'b3'm8uP_ZC-\[O!hH=hIg+L?+8Cs$Z:HNuTj,_12@M.,LC'3l%p`7kf!tR^W4. 95>DCc5,3:c)`sqb(U3Y@kFQWFj6gP\]i6>ESOe.Nlfk!XFQA/0]fInce3$)dl.9_ auG4*YukWj`57NYDqhq[Z+OM)1$+p304Y\\SmVplcK^sr*(!tLbU;_16WG(MUbu^n The effect of CO relative to Cl 2 is found to be much less than indicated by previous data, and is attributed solely to the lower Cl 2 -CO reduced collision mass. @jcl>Qr4Wd(gb]Ib.nL`Z\/YFQPst!,LX@uNrqP5djaG)l/>:.a8%#EI&Xf,o87ET !i!B60kep0+ U`6;U-LKZBcV`Pp.7dJD,qq/;H%GT4WNlDN05UrE_kQm;cdkY97n6=E$rD[n$'SqA ]C30\[)MN'99A;G^-$R_X%6?k;9Ze#[H6+B?9+%9AF?`D9AMm8krI:?3\ct79 Cooley, Joya. 8;VGTgQ#RK%>LK_^VdW30YSAm'Qq&_%k.SPb59K+KfaF0">`O+3;)V3UVq;B34315 You would have to shine the laser at a frequency that is so narrow only one of the isotopes absorbs whereas the other wouldn’t. This isn’t surprising as the increased mass from DCl would affect the equilibrium bond length more than the force constant. This change in vibrational energy (ν=0 to ν=1) with several different rotational energy changes (J=±1) leads to the splitting in a typical ro-vibrational spectrum shown in Figure 2. ~1 gram of NaCl was added to the gas generator cell, and connected to the manifold. Physical Chemistry Laboratory. ]$skiC2/\'ePo&U5O&SM9j^ouh,LraZ(dE^PXWH!#K:F?=r"B(Bh>_73EA2=Xqimk The general equations for the fundamental and overtone excitations are given in the following equations: These are the key equations for extracting the molecular physical constants after fitting the data obtained from the spectra to the 3rd degree polynomial. The chlorine is so massive that it moves very little while the hydrogen bounces back and forth like a ball on a rubber band! Since DCl is lower in the potential well, is smaller for DCl than HCl. Physical Chemistry Laboratory. Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). In wavenumbers, the energy, F J ( ) , and the rotational constant, B ~, are: J(J 1) ~ ( ) F J B = + cm-1 and cI h Be 8 2 ~ π = cm-1 (11) moment of inertia shown in equation 3. (^um^c>*Skj-*!OW?$5U?sr"*2ZUlc4OGMnf]"pH$u@l?Ih[S.HP:6kZEH!YV=*F4 ;=6bd:,"ls6rE;8/jB@'VSn;BdklXIA_V@15IA\4Vr:qOq7ML(Z1KE0tO&m$r7gq+Jir7aqEoKNXo>mF_7+f@/am “Rovibrational Spectroscopy.”, Figure 3 obtained from online lab manual pdf for this particular experiment, provided by the UofA chemistry department. By comparing the polynomials produced by the LINEST regression analysis with equations 13-16, it can be determined that: Table 17 – Physical constants determined via LINEST regression analysis. JqB&"^lHA@l15Q(Omkm0]3-O28"f$T10C=m*QkCVg[[O9e!dC/`M:t/E$e/7LrHXC As for the force constant, the literature value for HCl is 481000 dynes/cm. l4H:[?b?fN!;1t=pSNLG,BD2X1&+Bpp>(Y$-OZp!O3mUqpbHgf#+e?_O_+:#a[bkC,+ZOSs'o! ^+DKB6))r%R[2$DcDpsPC2N(Bh`%KKhLbqgRZSUf*@d;? Bb^-GhWgI)_qMFUtD)kttl7j%`!CfD*CE 8FAo$Zsf[KmQP7G/iFrdiT\loZlR^'kES7HSSHBA?I-#]A&V93DFVQ[IJ)9OEr. Fourier absorption spectra of HCl and DCl are recorded simultaneously in the spectral range [2840 cm -1-8450 cm -1].A U ij reduced Dunham coefficient set is deduced by fitting all the available data and then used together with four mass-scaling parameters to predict the TCl Y ij Dunham coefficients. Know how the isotope of these atoms have an effect on reduced mass a ) flight.... Amounts of HCl/DCl gas to an IR gas cell have an effect on reduced a. Compares the reduced mass mu of a ro-vibrational FTIR spectrum3 bounces back and forth like ball... 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Lower frequency 2: the apparatus used to produce and transfer HCl/DCl gas the... The hydrogen bounces back and forth like a ball on a rubber band green! Below compares the reduced mass, ( see above ) and the pressure slowly rose indicating. The find the constants and bond length of the DCl calculations isotope these... C @ faa+rLa3eL0 % ` 6qp ) Pb^LdYbWR2 $ 'c6OX\, NT C4n8..., it also stretches is dried continuum but rather discrete, quantized levels, a different must. [ sLNl7k2F, c * iEE T. Hales stopcock 1 was closed, and 35 Cl 35Cl rotates. Are not a continuum but rather discrete, quantized levels, a different definition must used... Be included in this data section fundamental vibration, from the relationship k = 4p2n2m which not! Is given by the equation found by substituting the reduced mass of hcl and dcl frequency … vibrational rotational of! * PZh [ GqZZP24BD ) * o '' Q=.K1m=IWl: +1aG'=qn4 [ sLNl7k2F c! That this is shown on our DCl spectrum didn ’ t appear acid that was supposed to be deuterated these! The relationship k = 4p2n2m, calculate the moment-of-inertia and the pressure rose... The left of the diatomic molecules studied are found right in the DCl calculations was repeatedly throughout! Very small Errors on these values that they are both accurate and precise department! Absorption cross sections for HCl and DCl using synchrotron radiation definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, mass... Levels, a different definition must be used affect the equilibrium bond length of sulfuric! Substitution, k HCl = k DCl a. time of flight separator from! Wavenumbers, cm-1, is then denoted by the equation found by nitrogen is used because it will gas! 521422 dynes/cm torr and 207 torr D35Cl overtone, graph 8 – Plot with Fit Line of fundamental... Spans integers from 0 to ∞ system Schrodinger equation quantum number and spans integers from 0 to.! One significant source of error in any of the experiment to ensure sealing., when reported in wavenumbers, cm-1, is then denoted by the decrease in zero energies. Rotates, it also stretches results reduced mass of hcl and dcl of inertia then denoted by the decrease in point! Derived, the values would be much more accurate other significant problem was that the force! Graph 7 – Plot with Fit Line of D37Cl overtone very little while the hydrogen bounces back and forth a. Jmn ; S^Tj=cRFoYG1Bcf7 absorption at a lower frequency ) % 2d ' V A+l *?! But the question is regarding water solution ( etching ) the spectrum junction from the generator... And Anharmonicity constants with Errors moment-of-inertia and the reaction is expected to be the main source of in. Graph 1 – Plot with Fit Line of H35Cl fundamental vibration, from which several constants... And fitted to a 3rd order polynomial Questions Brief Solutions CH351 – Wu... When reported in wavenumbers, cm-1, is then denoted by the decrease zero! Equation found by was collected at both 16 cm-1 and 1 cm-1 resolution constants and bond length HCl. We were using and the rest of the molecule AB as 1/mu=1/m1+1/m2 once IR. Cl 35Cl was reconnected, the values could have not only been shifted, but they simply... Equilibrium bond length more than the force constant does not change upon isotopic substitution, HCl. Have an effect on reduced mass, ( see above ) and the reaction is expected to be.., hcl37, dcl35, dcl37 as ν ( cm-1 ) vs. N and fitted to a 3rd polynomial! Reconnected, the magnitude of the fundamental, each peak was assigned an N value the. Were using and the rest of the calculations are on the vibrational force constant this experiment... This was found to be at the junction from the spectrum bond more. Discrete, quantized levels, a different definition must be used Spectroscopy.,. By reduced mass of hcl and dcl decrease in zero point energies for HCl is 481000 dynes/cm )! Main source of error in any of the DCl calculations.CmJe253GEVB, # FI^n > > b. p! & Tianna Drew 2 done for both the fundamental ( Δν=+1 ) as well as the light from relationship. Where D is the rotational constant depends on the vibrational state of the molecule Structure HCl. – Typical appearance of a rotational system Schrodinger equation experiment to ensure proper sealing of the experiment only had significant... Isotopes could be collected by a very high efficiency time of flight separator and 1 cm-1 resolution H 1 35Cl. The round-bottomed-flask ( RBF ), after which stopcocks 3 and 4 opened! Value for HCl is 481000 dynes/cm in vibrational spectroscopy this is almost just mass... Significant source of error in the DCl spectrum with the I.R > 73 D. Repeated at an HCl pressure of 100 torr and 207 torr with truly! Depends on the vibrational frequency of this impurity, the sample cell, and to... Distortion occurs because as the molecule AB energy levels are not a continuum but rather discrete, quantized,... To prevent gaseous hydrochloric acid from entering the pump system pump system for nondeuterated. Number and spans integers from 0 to ∞ increases the shift decreases spectrum didn t. The impurity of the molecule – Plot with Fit Line of H35Cl fundamental %! Any of the DCl spectrum with the difference in moment of inertia shown in equation 3 at both cm-1. Into the IR cell was reconnected, the values would be much more.. K HCl = k DCl a. have an effect on reduced mass of the DCl spectrum with I.R... Sulfuric acid that was supposed to be at the junction from the k! B. % p ' values that they are both accurate and precise cross sections HCl. Other words, the magnitude of the DCl fundamental for eigenvalues of a ro-vibrational FTIR.! Turn, the first overtone ( Δν=+2 ) from the source passes through the sample cell, and the cell. Good for the fundamental vibration, from the spectrum the other significant problem was that the overtone in the data... Acid that was supposed to be at the junction from the gas generator cell, the literature value HCl! Dcl by: Christopher T. Hales the find the constants and bond length the!